Internal Energy and Heat Energy - Heat and Calorimetry (Chapter 23): IIT JEE Class 11 Physics

Internal Energy and Heat Energy - Heat and Calorimetry (Chapter 23): IIT JEE Class 11 Physics
Here we describe the topic as, internal energy and heat energy from chapter heat and calorimetry of IIT JEE class 11 physics.
First of all, we have to understand,
What is Energy?
It is a term of Physics that is defined as the property that must be transferred to an object in order to perform work on- or to heat- the object and can be converted in form, but not created or destroyed.
In simple terms, it is the ability to do work or to cause change or the capacity of a physical form to perform work.
What is Internal Energy?
One of the thermodynamic properties of a system is its internal energy, E, which is the sum of the kinetic and potential energies of the particles that form the system.
We cannot measure the internal energy in a system, we can only determine the change in internal energy.
It is defined as the sum of kinetic energies and potential energies of the molecules constituting the system as a whole and not of an individual molecule.
It is a macroscopic variable of the system.
It is a thermodynamic state variable.
It can be specified by values of pressure, volume, and temperature at that particular time.
It only depends on the state of the system at that particular time.
It does not depend on how the system has reached that state.
Heat Energy
Most of us prefer the word ‘heat’ to anything that feels warm but scientifically, heat is defined as the flow of energy from a warm to a cooler object.
Heat energy is energy flowing between objects due to the temperature difference.
What heat means in thermodynamics, and how we can calculate heat using the heat capacity.
Key points for Heat
Heat is thermal energy transferred from a hotter system to a cooling system that is in contact.
Temperature is a measure of the average kinetic energy of the atoms or molecules in the system.
The zeroth law of thermodynamics says that no heat is transferred between two objects in thermal equilibrium; therefore, they are the same temperature.
Thermal Equilibrium:
An important concept related to temperature is thermal equilibrium.
Two objects are in thermal equilibrium if they are in close contact that allows either to gain energy from the other, but nevertheless, no net energy is transferred between them.
In other words, two objects in thermal equilibrium do not exchange energy.
Zeroth law of thermodynamics:
Experimentally, if object A is in equilibrium with object B, and object B is in equilibrium with object C, then (as you may have already guessed) object A is in equilibrium with object C.
That statement of transitivity is called the zeroth law of thermodynamics.
All the above-mentioned topics are described in an interactive and efficient manner so that the students could easily understand them.
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